{"id":1274,"date":"2025-04-28T12:19:12","date_gmt":"2025-04-28T12:19:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/healthyairtech.com\/?p=1274"},"modified":"2025-04-28T12:19:12","modified_gmt":"2025-04-28T12:19:12","slug":"indoor-air-pollutants-and-human-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/healthyairtech.com\/news\/indoor-air-pollutants-and-human-health\/","title":{"rendered":"Relevant limit standards and unit conversion methods for the concentrations of major gaseous pollutants in indoor air"},"content":{"rendered":"

The correlation between indoor air gaseous pollutants and human health, especially the impact of indoor air pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the cardiopulmonary function of vulnerable groups, has attracted widespread attention worldwide.<\/p>\n

What are gaseous pollutants?<\/strong><\/p>\n

In air quality science, gaseous pollutants are molecular or vapor-based impurities suspended in the air. These are much smaller than aerosol pollutants (like dust), typically measuring just a few angstroms (1 angstrom = 0.1 nanometer), whereas aerosols are defined as being larger than 0.01 microns. As a result, traditional dust filtration doesn\u2019t capture gaseous pollutants instead, specific gas purification technologies are needed.<\/p>\n

Difference between the diameter of gaseous pollutants and aerosol pollutants<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pollutants in the air refer to gaseous components other than the normal components of the air or so-called impure components.<\/p>\n

When gaseous pollutants exist in the form of molecules or vapor, the diameter of their molecules is generally very small, ranging from a few angstroms to tens of angstroms. The diameter of aerosol particles is generally considered to be greater than 0.01 microns. To remove aerosol pollutants, dust removal is generally used, while to remove gaseous pollutants, gas purification is generally used without considering dust removal.<\/p>\n

Main gaseous pollutants in indoor air<\/strong><\/p>\n

The gaseous pollutants specified in the indoor air quality standards include sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, ozone, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, xylene, benzo[a] pyrene and various volatile organic compounds (TVOC).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Method of expressing gas concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n

There are two ways to express the concentration of pollutants in the gas:<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Method of expressing mass concentration<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The mass concentration is a commonly used expression method, usually expressed in milligrams per cubic meter (mg\/m\u00b3). For trace or trace gas pollutants, it can be expressed in micrograms per cubic meter (\u03bcg\/m\u00b3), 1 mg = 1000 \u03bcg.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    In order to study the volume changes under different temperature and pressure conditions, the volume is often converted into the volume under standard conditions and expressed in standard cubic meters (Nm 3 <\/sup>).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The temperature T 0 <\/sub>of the standard state is 273.1K (0\u00b0C) and the pressure P 0 <\/sub>is 1.013\u00d710 5 <\/sup>Pa (760 mmHg).<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Converting the gas volume V1 under actual measurement conditions such as the atmosphere or indoors into the volume V0 under standard conditions is shown in the formula.<\/p>\n

    P 1 <\/sub>V 1 <\/sub>\/T 1 <\/sub>= P 0 <\/sub>V 0 <\/sub>\/T 0<\/sub><\/p>\n

    Wherein, P 1 <\/sub>and T 1 <\/sub>are the gas volume and temperature values under actual measurement.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [Example] The temperature T1 of the sampling air environment is 293.1K (20 \u2103 ), the atmospheric pressure P1 is 1.0063 \u00d7 10 5 <\/sup>Pa (755mmHg), the sampling flow rate of the sampler is 1.5m 3<\/sup> , and the amount of floating dust collected is 0.3mg. Calculate the concentration of floating dust in the air when converted to standard conditions.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Solution: Given that T 1 <\/sub>= 293.1K, P 1 <\/sub>= 1.0063 \u00d7 10 5 <\/sup>Pa, V 1 <\/sub>= 1.5 m 3 <\/sup>;<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Under standard conditions, P 0 <\/sub>= 1.013\u00d710 5 <\/sup>Pa, T 0 <\/sub>= 273.1K. The volume of the sampled air converted into the volume V 0 <\/sub>under standard conditions is:<\/p>\n

    V 0 <\/sub>=P 1 <\/sub>V 1 <\/sub>T 0 <\/sub>\/P 0 <\/sub>T 1 <\/sub>=1.0063\u00d710 5 <\/sup>\u00d71.5\u00d7273.1\/1.013\u00d710 5 <\/sup>\u00d7293.1=1.388Nm\u00b3<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The concentration of floating dust in the air is converted into the concentration C0 under standard conditions :<\/p>\n

    C 0 <\/sub>=0.3mg\/1.388m 3 <\/sup>=0.216mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/p>\n

    (II) Method of expressing volume concentration<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The volume concentration expression method is the commonly used method for expressing gas pollutant concentration internationally. It is generally expressed in cm 3 <\/sup>or m 3. <\/sup>That is, the volume cubic number of pollutants contained in each cubic meter of gas. Because 1m 3 <\/sup>= 10 6 <\/sup>cm 3 <\/sup>, that is, 1 cubic centimeter is equal to one millionth of a meter, so in actual use, it is expressed in parts per million, that is, ppm. This is the expression method of volume concentration. The concentration of trace or trace pollutants in the air is sometimes expressed in ppb or ppt.<\/p>\n

    1ppb\uff1d10-3<\/sup> ppm \uff1d10-9<\/sup> ; 1ppt\uff1d 10-3 <\/sup>ppb\uff1d 10-6 <\/sup>ppm= 10-12 <\/sup>.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Conversion method of gas mass concentration and volume concentration<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Conversion method between mass concentration and volume concentration<\/p>\n

    mass concentration unit mg\/ m3 <\/sup>into volume concentration unit ppm is:<\/p>\n

    C m <\/sub>= MC ppm <\/sub>\/22.4<\/p>\n

    for converting the volume concentration unit ppm into the mass concentration unit mg\/m3 is :<\/p>\n

    C ppm <\/sub>=22.4C ppm <\/sub>\/M<\/p>\n

    Where:<\/p>\n

    C m <\/sub>\u2014\u2014mass concentration of pollutant, in mg\/m 3 <\/sup>;<\/p>\n

    C ppm <\/sub>\u2014\u2014volume concentration of pollutant, in ppm;<\/p>\n

    M \u2013 molecular weight of the pollutant.<\/p>\n

    [Example] After sampling and testing, the mass concentration of sulfur dioxide converted to standard conditions is 0.2 mg\/m 3. <\/sup>How many ppm should it be converted into volume concentration?<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Solution: The molecular weight of sulfur dioxide is 64.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    C ppm <\/sub>=22.4C ppm <\/sub>\/M\uff1d22.4\u00d70.2\/64\uff1d0.07ppm<\/p>\n

    [Example] The new maximum permissible concentration standard of ozone in the air approved by the US Congress is 0.05ppm. What is the mass concentration in mg\/ m3 <\/sup>?<\/p>\n

    Solution: It is known that the molecular weight of ozone is 48, then<\/p>\n

    C m <\/sub>= MC ppm <\/sub>\/22.4 =48\u00d70.05\u00f722.4\uff1d0.1mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    The ozone concentration standard issued by UL in the United States is 0.005 ppm<\/p>\n

    C m <\/sub>= MC ppm <\/sub>\/22.4 =48\u00d70.005\u00f722.4\uff1d0.01mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    [Example] The molecular weight of formaldehyde is 29. The maximum allowable concentration of formaldehyde in the air of China’s indoor air quality standard is 0.08 mg\/m 3 <\/sup>. Convert it to volume concentration<\/p>\n

    Cppm<\/sub> = Cm \u00d7 22.4 \u00f7 29 = 0.06ppm<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    According to the American WELL standard, the maximum allowable concentration of formaldehyde in the air is 0.027ppm; converted to body mass concentration:<\/p>\n

    Cm<\/sub>= M Cppm \/22.4\uff1d29\u00d70.027\u00f722.4\uff1d0.035mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>The European Union (EU) has increasingly stringent management of indoor air quality. Although there is no mandatory unified “indoor air quality concentration limit” regulation at the EU level, the European Commission and its relevant agencies (such as the European Chemicals Agency ECHA and the European Environment Agency EEA) have jointly issued a series of recommended limit standards, and some member states (such as Germany, France, and Finland) have also formulated national standards with mandatory or guiding significance. These limits are usually based on the World Health Organization (WHO) and internationally recognised toxicological research results.<\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong>Concentration limit standards for major gaseous pollutants in indoor air<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    The following is a summary of the concentration limits (recommended values or reference values) for major indoor air gaseous pollutants in the European Union and its member states, in \u03bcg \/m\u00b3 (micrograms per cubic meter):<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Gaseous pollutants<\/strong><\/td>\nEU recommended concentration limit (reference value)<\/strong><\/td>\nExposure time<\/strong><\/td>\nRemark<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n
    Formaldehyde<\/strong><\/td>\n100 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\n30-minute average<\/strong><\/td>\nWHO recommended values, commonly used in EU member states standards<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Benzene<\/strong><\/td>\n5 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\nAnnual average<\/strong><\/td>\nDerived from combustion and building materials, it is carcinogenic<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Nitrogen dioxide ( <\/strong>NO\u2082 )<\/strong><\/td>\n200 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\n1 hour average<\/strong><\/td>\nEU Ambient Air Quality Directive Reference Values<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Carbon dioxide ( <\/strong>CO\u2082 )<\/strong><\/td>\n1000 ppm \u2248 1800 mg\/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\nLong-term exposure limit<\/strong><\/td>\nWhen the indoor ventilation is good, it should be lower than this value<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Carbon monoxide (CO)<\/strong><\/td>\n10,000 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\n8-hour average<\/strong><\/td>\nWHO and EU agree on indoor air research report<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ozone ( <\/strong>O\u2083 )<\/strong><\/td>\n100 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\n8-hour average<\/strong><\/td>\nRecommended value to avoid respiratory irritation caused by high temperature weather<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Volatile organic compounds (TVOCs)<\/strong><\/td>\n300 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\nConventional living environment<\/strong><\/td>\nGerman UBA recommended value (total volatile organic compounds)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Ammonia ( <\/strong>NH\u2083 )<\/strong><\/td>\n50 \u03bcg \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\nLong-term exposure<\/strong><\/td>\nECHA and German guidance values<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    Radon<\/strong><\/td>\n300 Bq \/m\u00b3<\/strong><\/td>\nAnnual average<\/strong><\/td>\nEU Radiation Protection Directive Limits (2013\/59\/Euratom)<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

    \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
    Serial number<\/td>\nPollutant Name<\/td>\nVolume concentration<\/td>\nMass concentration<\/td>\nRelated standards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    1<\/td>\nFormaldehyde (HCH O )<\/td>\n27 ppb<\/td>\n0.035mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nAmerican WELL Standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    2<\/td>\nFormaldehyde (HCH O )<\/td>\n54ppb<\/td>\n0.07mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nChina “Code for Indoor Pollution Control of Civil Building Engineering” GB50325-2020<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    3<\/td>\nFormaldehyde (HCH O )<\/td>\n60ppb<\/td>\n0.08mg\/ m3<\/sup><\/td>\nChina Indoor Air Quality Standard GB\/T18883-2020<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    4<\/td>\nFormaldehyde (HCH O )<\/td>\n77ppb<\/td>\n0.10mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    5<\/td>\nFormaldehyde (HCH O )<\/td>\n92ppb<\/td>\n0.12mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    6<\/td>\nCarbon monoxide (CO)<\/td>\n9 ppm (11.2 mg\/m 3 <\/sup>)<\/td>\n10 mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\n <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    7<\/td>\nOzone (O 3 <\/sub>)<\/td>\n75ppb<\/td>\n0.16mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nChina Indoor Air Quality Standard GB18883-2020<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    8<\/td>\nOzone (O 3 <\/sub>)<\/td>\n50ppb<\/td>\n0.10mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nWHO Guidelines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    9<\/td>\nOzone (O 3 <\/sub>)<\/td>\n5 ppb<\/td>\n0.01mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nAmerican UL Standard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    10<\/td>\nNitrogen dioxide (NO 2 <\/sub>)<\/td>\n53 ppb<\/td>\n0.20mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nWHO Guidelines<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
    11<\/td>\nChlorine dioxide (CLO 2 <\/sub>)<\/td>\n0.1ppm<\/td>\n0.28mg\/m 3<\/sup><\/td>\nChina’s Ministry of Labor’s Occupational Disease Prevention and Control Standards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Photo by Binyamin Mellish: https:\/\/www.pexels.com\/photo\/blue-and-gray-concrete-house-with-attic-during-twilight-186077\/<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    The correlation between indoor air gaseous pollutants and human health, especially the impact of indoor air pollutants such…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":1275,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1274","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRelevant limit standards and unit conversion methods for the concentrations of major gaseous pollutants in indoor air - Healthy Air Technology<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Indoor air gaseous pollutants and human health, especially the impact of indoor air pollutants such as ozone and nitrogen dioxide on the cardiopulmonary function of vulnerable groups, has attracted widespread attention.\" \/>\n<meta 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